Titre: Human rights in the web of governance :Towards a learning-based. fundamental Rights Policy for the European Union Theme1: Droit - Droit international et étranger - Droit étranger Theme2:
Résumé: The essays collectée! in this volume aim to provide thé building-blocks of a learning-based understand-ing of thé development of fundamental rights in thé European Union. Instead of asking how much har-monization of fundamental rights is required at EU level or whether fundamental rights should rather be protected at domestic level, it acknowledges that even when it is désirable, harmonization may be in many cases politically unrealistic to achieve; that it may présume too much about our ability to identify how best to implement fundamental rights; and that thé required légal bases may be missing. It also notes that we hâve currently no mechanism allowing us to identify, on a more or less systematic oasis, thé need for thé Union to take action in this field. A learning-based understanding of thé development of fundamental rights takes seriously thèse limitations which thé fundamental rights policy of thé EU is currently facing. This redéfinition moves from substance to procédure: since there is uncertainty about how to improve thé protection of fundamental rights (beyond thé minimum requirement not to violate them), a fundamental rights policy should be about devising adéquate mechanisms for thé constant test-ing of thé policies pursued in différent settings, in order to arrive at a better understanding of how to best achieve their objectives. Reflexive governance, thèse essays argue, may represent one way of think-ing about how to address this challenge. Thfs hypothesis is tested in three policy areas: equality of treat-ment, data protection, and thé establishment of an area of freedom, security and justice.
The essays collected in this volume do not form a blueprint for thé further improvement of thé régime of fundamental rights protection in thé EU. Rather, they identify a blindspot: thé lack of a principled way of reconciling thé protection of fundamental rights within each EU Member State, with thé establishment between thèse States of an internai market and of an area of freedom, security and justice. And they explore thé potential of non-judicial means of ensuring thé protection and promotion of fundamental rights, particularly through techniques - mutual évaluation mechanisms, thé use of indicators and bench-marks, and participatory processes - inspired by existing 'open1 forms of coordination between thé Member States. Thèse techniques allow us to shift from thé posthoc, reactive modes of protection of fundamental rights, to more exante, proactive methods of protection. Fundamental rights are a concern of thé EU institutions since well over thirty years, and a number of tools, both législative and judicial, hâve been deployed in order to ensure that thé progress of European intégration shall not lead to lower thé level of protection of rights in thé EU. It is time that fundamental rights become more than that, how-ever - it is time that they become a policy. But such a fundamental rights policy for thé EU must be respectful of thé diversity of approaches within thé EU, and it must acknowledge that, in many domains, we simply do not know how best to ensure thé fulfilment of fundamental rights. It must therefore be con-ceived as a policy which encourages collective learning, and permanent re-evaluation of earlier choices in thé iight of new circumstances. It is in this direction that this volume seeks to move thé debate.
His volume has been edited by Olivier De Schutter and Violeta Moreno Lax , both from thé Centre for Légal Philosophy (CPDR) at thé University of Louvain (UCL). The contributors are Catherine Barnard (Cambridge), Olivier De Schutter (Louvain), Serge Gutwirth (Brussels), Rick Lawson (Leiden), Manfred Nowak (Wien), Yves Poullet (Namur), Veerle Van Den Eeckhout (Leiden), and Viktoria Wagner (Wien).
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